PRIME MINISTERS OF THE UK

  AN A TO Z INDEX OF PRIME MINISTERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM BRITISH POLITICAL LEADERS

 

 

Portrait of Oliver Cromwell

 

 

OLIVER CROMWELL - PARLIAMENTARIAN

 

 

 

As distinct from the Royal Family who once ruled Great Britain unfettered, Oliver Cromwell changed all of that when he lead the rebellion that was the English Civil War. Since then, the citizens of the United Kingdom have elected a leader via a democratic system of voting for candidates during what is called a General Election. The present system began in 1688 with the start of the process to remove decision making from King Charles I and II known as the English Civil War, with our first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole, elected in 1721.

 

THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR(S)

 

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's government. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

 

The overall outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then the Protectorate under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658) and subsequently his son Richard (1658–1659). The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors' consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although the idea of Parliament as the ruling power of England was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION


The Glorious Revolution of 1688 is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament and the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out once and for all any possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards absolute monarchy in the British kingdoms by circumscribing the monarch's powers. These powers were greatly restricted; he or she could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, make royal appointments, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's permission – to this day the Army is known as the "British Army" not the "Royal Army" as it is, in some sense.

 

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension to the throne as William III of England jointly with his wife, Mary II, James's daughter, after the Declaration of Right, leading to the Bill of Rights 1689.

 

 

There is a gap of some 22 years before a the British public gained their first Prime Minister: Sir Robert Walpole.


SIR ROBERT WALPOLE - 1st PRIME MINISTER

Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain. Although the exact dates of his dominance, the "Robinocracy", are a matter of scholarly debate, the period of 1721–42 is often used. He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry and the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history.

 

 

 

 

 

 

ROUNDHEADS v CAVALIERS - In the 1640s England was devastated by a civil war that divided the nation into two tribes – Roundheads and Cavaliers. Counties, towns, even families and friends were rent apart as the nation pledged its allegiance either to King Charles I (supported by the Cavaliers) or to Parliament (backed by the Roundheads).

Roundheads were supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against Charles I of England and his supporters, the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundhead party was to give the Parliament supreme control over executive administration.

 

 

 

 

EDWARD THOMAS (fictional) HONEST JOHNSON

KIER STARMER

RISHI SUNACK

LIZ TRUSS (shortest serving PM)

BORIS JOHNSON (resigned in shame)

DAVID CAMERON

GORDON BROWN

MARGARET THATCHER

THERESA MAY - THERESA MAY

TONY BLAIR

WINSTON CHURCHILL

 

Sir Robert Walpole 1721 – 1742 Whig Party
The Earl of Wilmington 1742 – 1743 Whig Party
Henry Pelham 1743 – 1754 Whig Party
The Duke of Newcastle 1754 – 1756 Whig Party
The Duke of Devonshire 1756 – 1757 Whig Party
The Duke of Newcastle 1757 – 1762 Whig Party
The Earl of Bute 1762 – 1763 Tory Party
George Grenville 1763 – 1765 Whig Party
The Marquess of Rockingham 1765 – 1766 Whig Party
The Earl of Chatham 1766 – 1768 Whig Party (“William Pitt the Elder”)
The Duke of Grafton 1768 – 1770 Whig Party
Lord North 1770 – 1782 Tory Party
The Marquess of Rockingham 1782 – 1782 Whig Party
The Earl of Shelburne 1782 – 1783 Whig Party
The Duke of Portland 1783 – 1783 Whig Party
William Pitt The Younger 1783 – 1801 Tory Party

Henry Addington 1801 – 1804 Tory Party
William Pitt The Younger 1804 – 1806 Tory Party
The Lord Grenville 1807 – 1809 Tory Party
The Duke of Portland 1807 – 1809 Tory Party
Spencer Perceval 1809 – 1812 Tory Party
The Earl of Liverpool 1812 – 1827 Tory Party
George Canning 1827 – 1827 Tory Party
The Viscount Goderich 1827 – 1828 Tory Party
The Duke of Wellington 1828 – 1830 Tory Party
The Earl Grey 1830 – 1834 Whig Party
The Viscount Melbourne 1834 – 1834 Whig Party
The Duke of Wellington 1834 – 1834 Tory Party
Sir Robert Peel 1834 – 1835 Tory Party
The Viscount Melbourne 1835 – 1841 Whig Party
Sir Robert Peel 1841 – 1846 Tory Party
The Lord John Russell 1846 – 1852 Whig Party
The Earl of Derby 1852 – 1852 Tory Party
The Earl of Aberdeen 1852 – 1855 Peelite / Whig
The Viscount Palmerston 1855 – 1858 Whig Party
The Earl of Derby 1858 – 1859 Tory Party
The Viscount Palmerston 1859 – 1865 Liberal Party 
The Earl Russell 1865 – 1866 Liberal Party
The Earl of Derby 1866 – 1868 Tory Party
Benjamin Disraeli 1868 – 1868 Tory Party
William Ewart Gladstone 1868 – 1874 Liberal Party
Benjamin Disraeli 1874 – 1880 Tory Party
William Ewart Gladstone 1880 – 1885 Liberal Party
The Marquess of Salisbury 1885 – 1886 Tory Party
William Ewart Gladstone 1886 – 1886 Liberal Party
The Marquess of Salisbury 1886 – 1892 Tory Party
William Ewart Gladstone 1892 – 1894 Liberal Party
The Earl of Rosebery 1894 – 1895 Liberal Party
The Marquess of Salisbury 1895 – 1902 Tory Party

Arthur Balfour 1902 – 1905 Tory Party
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1905 – 1908 Liberal Party 
H H Asquith 1908 – 1916 Liberal Party
David Lloyds George 1916 – 1922 Liberal Party
Andrew Bonar Law 1922 – 1923 Tory Party
Stanley Baldwin 1923 – 1924 Tory Party
Ramsey MacDonald 1924 – 1924 Labour Party
Stanley Baldwin 1924 – 1929 Tory Party
Ramsey MacDonald 1929 – 1931 Labour Party
Ramsey MacDonald 1931 – 1935 National Labour Party
Stanley Baldwin 1935 – 1937 Tory Party
Neville Chamberlain 1937 – 1940 Tory Party
Winston Churchill 1940 – 1945 Tory Party
Clement Attlee 1945 – 1951 Labour Party
Winston Churchill 1951 – 1955 Tory Party
Sir Anthony Eden 1955 – 1957 Tory Party
Harold Macmillan 1957 – 1963 Tory Party
Alec Douglas-Home 1963 – 1964 Tory Party
Harold Wilson 1964 – 1970 Labour Party
Edward Heath 1970 – 1974 Tory Party
Harold Wilson 1974 – 1976 Labour Party
James Callaghan 1976 – 1979 Labour Party
Margaret Thatcher 1979 – 1990 Tory Party
John Major 1990 – 1997 Tory Party
Tony Blair 1997 – 2007 Labour Party

Gordon Brown 2007 – 2010 Labour Party
David Cameron 2010 – 2015 Coalition Party (Cons & Lib Dems) Nick Clegg (Deputy Prime Minister)
David Cameron 2015 – 2016 Tory Party
Theresa May 2016 – 2019 Tory Party

Boris Johnson 2019 -       Tory Party

 

 

 

 

 

Interestingly, the average age at death of eighteenth-century Prime Ministers was just 64, of nineteenth-century premiers 74, and by the twentieth century this had risen to 81. 

 

Four of the twentieth-century Prime Ministers (Winston ChurchillHarold MacmillanAlec Douglas-Home and James Callaghan) made it into their 90s, but seven British Prime Ministers died in office. A further nine died within two-and-a-half years of leaving Number 10.

 

Overall, since the eighteenth century, the average age of all ex-Prime Ministers on leaving Number 10 was 61, the average age at death was 73: meaning that the average post-premiership or retirement has been 12 years long - if that is - they retired.

 

Since the eighteenth century one in four (14) Prime Ministers have ‘come back’ to serve in later governments led by others. Some of these prime-ministerial ‘retreads’ had had short tenures in Number 10. For example Douglas-Home who, after less than a year as PM, went on to serve as Foreign Secretary 1970-74; or the Duke of Wellington who, after two brief terms as PM, arguably exercised more influence as a senior party figure, Minister without Portfolio in Robert Peel’s government from 1841-46 and also as Commander-in-Chief of the Army from 1842 until his death in 1852. Arthur Balfour was PM for only three years but then went on to serve as a Cabinet minister for eleven years during and after the First World War and in the 1920s, under three different prime ministers.

 

Tony Blair immediately gave up his seat in the House of Commons on leaving Number 10 because of the alleged "war criminal" hoo-ha, but David Lloyd George stayed on in the Commons for a further twenty-two years and Edward Heath for twenty-seven years. The House of Lords has provided many others with a platform, enabling them to air their views and contribute to political debate. From the mid-nineteenth century until comparatively recently a hereditary earldom was the ‘going rate’ for Prime Ministers who were not already peers. Macmillan was the last former Prime Minister to accept a hereditary earldom, in 1984, more than twenty years after leaving office. Douglas-Home was the first to go to the Lords with a life peerage, in 1974.

 

Meanwhile, from Sir Robert Walpole to Sir John Major, twenty-nine Prime Ministers or former Prime Ministers became Knights of the Garter – Britain’s highest order of knighthood. Indeed, so far only nine Prime Ministers have ended their days as plain ‘Mr’, without accepting either a peerage or knighthood: Henry PelhamGeorge GrenvilleWilliam Pitt the YoungerSpencer PercevalGeorge CanningWilliam GladstoneAndrew Bonar LawRamsay MacDonald, and Neville Chamberlain.

 

Historically, many former Prime Ministers were privately wealthy and able to retire to their country estates. Walpole amassed a large personal fortune in office. Lords Bute in the eighteenth century and Rosebery in the nineteenth were already among the wealthiest men in the country and married fabulously rich heiresses: when Rosebery died in 1929, he left £1.7 million – the equivalent of nearly £60 million in today’s money. But some former Prime Ministers had money troubles, both in and out of office. Both William Pitt the Elder (the Earl of Chatham) and his son, William Pitt the Younger, died leaving massive debts that were eventually paid off by Parliament with public funds. Some, such as Lords North and Melbourne, had money quietly loaned to them by the monarchs of the day. Herbert Henry Asquith’s financial position was so bad that some of his friends organised an appeal for a fund to pay his debts and to give him a private pension for the last few years of his life.

 

Eventually pensions for former Prime Ministers were introduced in 1937 at the rate of £2,000 a year and then in 1972 the pension was linked to the previous prime-ministerial salary. This was initially set at 15/40ths then raised to half in 1991, following a recommendation from the Top Salaries Review Body. Former PMs also receive a special Public Duties Cost Allowance to help fund an office and secretarial support. Then in 2008 the Review Body proposed that former Prime Ministers should be part of the regular ministerial pension scheme, receiving three months’ severance pay and drawing a pension dependent on length of service and contributions.

 

The majority of former Prime Ministers in the last hundred years have put pen to paper and most (but not all) of those have written memoirs and autobiographies. But some twentieth-century former premiers wrote interesting non-political books, including Churchill’s history books, Heath’s books about his wider interests in sailing, music and travel, Major’s recent history of cricket, and Arthur James Balfour’s philosophical writings. In the nineteenth century while Gladstone wrote theological tomes, Benjamin Disraeli penned best-selling novels.

 

A more recent development, which may indicate the beginning of a convergence with the US model for former Presidents, is for former Prime Ministers to set up their own foundations as a base and platform for continuing involvement with political and public issues. Lady Thatcher was the first to set up her own foundation to try to secure her legacy and propagate her ideas, but it closed down in the UK in 2005. Tony Blair has set up a Sports Foundation and an Inter-faith Foundation.

 

 

UK POLITICS

The United Kingdom has many political parties with many Prime Ministers, some of which are represented in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Below are links to the websites of the political parties that were represented in the House of Commons after the 2015 General Election:

 

CONSERVATIVE PARTY

CO-OPERATIVE PARTY

DEMOCRAT UNIONIST PARTY

GREEN PARTY

LABOUR PARTY

LIBERAL DEMOCRATS

PLAID CYMRU

SCOTTISH NATIONAL PARTY

SINN FEIN

SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AND LABOUR PARTY

UK INDEPENDENCE PARTY

ULSTER UNIONIST PARTY

 

Conservative Party

Co-operative Party

Democratic Unionist Party

Green Party

Labour Party

Liberal Democrats

Plaid Cymru

Scottish National Party

Sinn Fιin

Social Democratic and Labour Party

UK Independence Party

Ulster Unionist Party

 

 

 

 

We are concerned with how the make up of the above parties and (reasonably) popular policies affects the Wealden district, because we are all brothers on two islands in the Atlantic Ocean and what we do or fail to do is likely to rebound on ourselves and our fellow man in other nations around the world. How we act today influences policies in other countries in our global community. It is not just about us and our patch.

 

DISTRICT & BOROUGH COUNCILS

 

East Sussex has five District and Borough Councils, each with a border on the coast. From west to east they are: 

 

Eastbourne Borough Council

Hastings Borough Council

Lewes District Council 

Rother District Council 

Wealden District Council

 

There is also East Sussex County Council as the provider of services to the 5 East Sussex districts.

 

As near neighbours and with councils now sharing facilities and working together, these area of Sussex are included in our remit and an area where climate change and affordable housing are issues that need urgent attention. Where the coastline is a feature in every Council, Blue Growth is a food security issue, especially where this side of of our local economy is under-exploited.

 

 

LINKS

 

https://www.clientearth.org/

https://www.lgbce.org.uk/

 

 

 

 

AFFORDABLE | CLIMATE | DEVELOPERS | ECONOMY | FLOOD | HISTORY | HOMES

LADDER | MORALSPOVERTY | PROPERTY | SLAVERY | TAXES | SLUMS | VALUATIONS | WEALTH

 

BUSHYWOOD A - Z INDEX